Definition of Statistics
Definition of Statistics Importance & Limitation & Data Collection, Classification & Tabulation
Introduction & Objectives
Q1. The word Statistics has been derived from which language(s)?
a. Latin and French
b. Latin, Italian, and German
c. Greek and Italian
d. Latin only
Answer: b) Latin, Italian, and German
Q2. Who first used the word Statistics in 1749 to refer to subject matter as a whole?
a. Karl Pearson
b. Achenwell
c. R.A. Fisher
d. John Graunt
Answer: b) Achenwell
Q3. In early years, statistics was mainly used by:
a. Teachers in schools
b. Farmers in agriculture
c. Kings for administrative and political purposes
d. Doctors for medical research
Answer: c) Kings for administrative and political purposes
Q4. Which of the following is not a phase of statistical analysis of data?
a. Collection of data
b. Classification & Tabulation of data
c. Analysis of data
d. Data Encryption
Answer: d) Data Encryption
Q5. At which stage of statistics are relevant conclusions drawn?
a. Collection
b. Classification
c. Analysis
d. Interpretation
Answer: d) Interpretation
2. Importance of Statistics
Q6. Statistics is the subject that mainly teaches us how to:
a. Memorize historical data
b. Deal with data effectively
c. Predict future without data
d. Avoid data usage
Answer: b) Deal with data effectively
Q7. Which of the following is an application of statistics?
a. Business & Economics
b. Medical
c. Sports & Weather Forecast
d. All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
3. Business and Economics
Q8. Which statistical technique is widely used in Business for predicting future trends?
a. Time Series Analysis
b. Index Numbers
c. Probability Distribution
d. Chi-Square Test
Answer: a) Time Series Analysis
Q9. Bayesian Decision Theory helps businessmen to:
a. Collect more data
b. Select optimal decisions
c. Avoid risk
d. Classify customers
Answer: b) Select optimal decisions
Q10. In Economics, statistics is used to analyse:
a. Only profit and loss
b. Demand, cost, price, and consumer satisfaction
c. Only government revenue
d. Only import and export
Answer: b) Demand, cost, price, and consumer satisfaction
4. Medical Applications
Q11. Statistics in medical field is mainly used for:
a. Clinical research & treatment assessment
b. Entertainment
c. Political campaigns
d. None of the above
Answer: a) Clinical research & treatment assessment
Q12. Statistical applications in medical research include:
a. Investigating treatments
b. Comparing therapies
c. Establishing optimal combinations
d. All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
5. Weather Forecast
Q13. Which of the following statistical techniques is used in weather forecasting?
a. Regression & Time Series Analysis
b. Probability Sampling
c. Factor Analysis
d. Index Numbers
Answer: a) Regression & Time Series Analysis
6. Stock Market
Q14. Statistical methods like _______ are used in forecasting stock prices.
a. Correlation & Regression
b. Index Numbers & Probability
c. Mode & Median
d. Dispersion Analysis
Answer: a) Correlation & Regression
Q15. In stock market analysis, Return & Risk Analysis is applied in:
a. Political Surveys
b. Market & Personal Portfolios, Mutual Funds
c. Agricultural data collection
d. None of these
Answer: b) Market & Personal Portfolios, Mutual Funds
7. Banking
Q16. In banking, credit policies are based on:
a. Historical stories
b. Probability Theory & Statistical Ratios
c. Personal opinions of bankers
d. Government orders only
Answer: b) Probability Theory & Statistical Ratios
Q17. Which of the following is not a factor analysed in banking statistics?
a. Deposits
b. Credit ratio
c. Weather conditions
d. Number of customers
Answer: c) Weather conditions
8. Sports
Q18. Statistics in sports is mainly used to:
a. Predict weather conditions
b. Identify or rectify mistakes of players
c. Decide credit policies in banks
d. Estimate medical treatments
Answer: b) Identify or rectify mistakes of players
9. Functions of Statistics
Q19. Which of the following is not a function of statistics?
a. Presenting facts in definite form
b. Simplifying complex data
c. Studying the relationship between variables
d. Producing data without collection
Answer: d) Producing data without collection
Q20. Statistics help in:
a. Formulating policies
b. Forecasting outcomes
c. Both (a) and (b)
d. None of the above
Answer: c) Both (a) and (b)
10. Limitations or Demerits of Statistics
Q21. Statistical methods cannot be applied for:
a. Group data
b. Individual observations
c. Aggregates of facts
d. Time series
Answer: b) Individual observations
Q22. Statistics does not study:
a. Quantitative data
b. Qualitative data
c. Aggregated data
d. Large number of observations
Answer: b) Qualitative data
Q23. Statistical results are usually:
a. Exact in all cases
b. True only on an average in the long run
c. Always biased
d. Independent of data
Answer: b) True only on an average in the long run
Q24. Which of the following can make data collection biased?
a. Use of trained investigators
b. Proper classification of data
c. Inexperienced or dishonest persons handling data
d. Use of large population size
Answer: c) Inexperienced or dishonest persons handling data
11. Definitions: Population & Sample
Q25. Population in statistics refers to:
a. Only humans in a country
b. The entire collection of observations under study
c. Only animals and plants
d. Only the selected group for analysis
Answer: b) The entire collection of observations under study
Q26. If we study the weight of adult men in India, the population is:
a. 1000 selected men
b. Weights of all men in India
c. A few men chosen randomly
d. None of these
Answer: b) Weights of all men in India
Q27. Sample refers to:
a. Entire population always
b. A part of population selected for study
c. Population mean
d. Only discrete data
Answer: b) A part of population selected for study
Q28. The purpose of using a sample is:
a. To avoid data collection
b. To represent the population and save time/cost
c. To reduce accuracy
d. To increase bias
Answer: b) To represent the population and save time/cost
12. Variates & Attributes
Q29. A characteristic that can be expressed in numerical terms is called:
a. Attribute
b. Variate
c. Parameter
d. Statistic
Answer: b) Variate
Q30. A characteristic that cannot be expressed numerically is called:
a. Variate
b. Attribute
c. Parameter
d. Population
Answer: b) Attribute
Q31. Number of members in a family, accidents, age in years are examples of:
a. Continuous variables
b. Discrete variables
c. Attributes
d. Parameters
Answer: b) Discrete variables
Q32. Height, weight, and percentage of marks are examples of:
a. Continuous variables
b. Discrete variables
c. Attributes
d. Qualitative data
Answer: a) Continuous variables
13. Parameter & Statistic
Q33. A numerical value representing the entire population is called:
a. Statistic
b. Sample
c. Parameter
d. Attribute
Answer: c) Parameter
Q34. A numerical value or function derived from a sample is called:
a. Parameter
b. Statistic
c. Attribute
d. Population
Answer: b) Statistic
Q35. Statistic is also called:
a. Estimator
b. Predictor
c. Evaluator
d. Validator
Answer: a) Estimator
14. Collection of Data
Q36. The process of collecting data from respondents is called:
a. Interpretation
b. Collection of Data
c. Sampling
d. Tabulation
Answer: b) Collection of Data
Q37. The two main types of data are:
a. Primary and Secondary
b. Qualitative and Quantitative
c. Discrete and Continuous
d. Population and Sample
Answer: a) Primary and Secondary
15. Primary Data
Q38. Primary data is the data collected:
a. From secondary sources
b. For the first time by the investigator
c. Only by government agencies
d. From published books
Answer: b) For the first time by the investigator
Q39. Direct Interview Method refers to:
a. Face-to-face contact with informants to collect information
b. Collecting data from books
c. Internet-based surveys
d. Observation without questioning
Answer: a) Face-to-face contact with informants to collect information
Q40. Which of the following is an example of primary data collection method?
a. Census report
b. Questionnaires
c. LIC annual reports
d. WHO publications
Answer: b) Questionnaires
Certainly — below is your exact input arranged in the same tidy style as before (without changing any wording or answers):
Q41. A census refers to:
a. Collecting data from only a sample of the population
b. Collecting data about all individual units of the population
c. Estimating data using probability
d. Secondary data collection
Answer: b) Collecting data about all individual units of the population
Q42. A sample survey involves:
a. Collecting data about the whole population
b. Collecting data about only a part of the population
c. Using only qualitative data
d. Only secondary data
Answer: b) Collecting data about only a part of the population
17. Secondary Data
Q43. Secondary data is:
a. Collected for the first time
b. Already collected and processed data
c. Always more accurate than primary data
d. Never published
Answer: b) Already collected and processed data
Q44. Which of the following is not a source of secondary data?
a. WHO reports
b. LIC records
c. Direct personal interview
d. Internet sources
Answer: c) Direct personal interview
Q45. The population census report is:
a. Primary data for the Registrar General of India
b. Secondary data for other users
c. Both (a) and (b)
d. Neither (a) nor (b)
Answer: c) Both (a) and (b)
Q46. Which statement about primary data is correct?
a. It is less time-consuming than secondary data
b. It is collected directly from respondents
c. It is always cheaper than secondary data
d. It is less original
Answer: b) It is collected directly from respondents
18. Classification & Tabulation
Q47. Classification of data means:
a. Collecting data for the first time
b. Arranging data into homogeneous groups or classes
c. Editing and coding of data
d. Presenting results in graphical form only
Answer: b) Arranging data into homogeneous groups or classes
Q48. Tabulation refers to:
a. Collection of raw data
b. Presenting classified data in an organised way (tables)
c. Statistical inference
d. Hypothesis testing
Answer: b) Presenting classified data in an organised way (tables)
Q49. Which of the following is not a basis of classification?
a. Qualitative base
b. Quantitative base
c. Geographical base
d. Hypothetical base
Answer: d) Hypothetical base
Q50. If population is classified according to religion, it is:
a. Quantitative classification
b. Qualitative classification
c. Geographical classification
d. Temporal classification
Answer: b) Qualitative classification
Q51. If data is classified according to time periods, it is called:
a. Geographical classification
b. Temporal (Chronological) classification
c. Qualitative classification
d. None of these
Answer: b) Temporal (Chronological) classification
Q52. Classification of population according to religion and sex simultaneously is an example of:
a. One-way classification
b. Two-way classification
c. Multi-way classification
d. None of these
Answer: b) Two-way classification
19. Frequency Distribution
Q53. The number of occurrences of a value in a series of observations is called:
a. Attribute
b. Frequency
c. Variate
d. Parameter
Answer: b) Frequency
Q54. The way of representing data in table form with variables and their frequencies is called:
a. Classification
b. Frequency distribution
c. Tabulation
d. Sample survey
Answer: b) Frequency distribution
20. Class Intervals & Class Mark
Q55. The lower and upper values of a class are called:
a. Class frequency
b. Class limits
c. Class mark
d. Class base
Answer: b) Class limits
Q56. Formula for class length (or class width) is:
a. Upper class interval – Lower class interval
b. Upper limit × Lower limit
c. Frequency ÷ Number of classes
d. None of the above
Answer: a) Upper class interval – Lower class interval
Q57. The midpoint of a class interval is called:
a. Class length
b. Class frequency
c. Class mark (or mid-value)
d. Class base
Answer: c) Class mark (or mid-value)
Q58. Formula for class mark is:
a. (Lower limit × Upper limit)/2
b. (Lower class limit + Upper class limit)/2
c. (Upper limit – Lower limit)/2
d. (Frequency ÷ 2)
Answer: b) (Lower class limit + Upper class limit)/2
Q59. In which type of class interval are both upper and lower limits included?
a. Exclusive type
b. Inclusive type
c. Open-ended type
d. None of these
Answer: b) Inclusive type
Q60. In which type of class interval is the upper limit of one class excluded and counted in the next class?
a. Exclusive type
b. Inclusive type
c. Mixed type
d. None of these
Answer: a) Exclusive type
21. Class Boundaries
Q61. Class boundaries are mainly used to:
a. Convert exclusive classes into inclusive classes
b. Convert inclusive classes into exclusive classes
c. Remove frequency
d. Find class marks
Answer: b) Convert inclusive classes into exclusive classes
Q62. Formula for New UCI (Upper Class Interval) when converting inclusive → exclusive type is:
a. Old UCI + (Gap/2)
b. Old UCI – (Gap/2)
c. Old UCI ÷ 2
d. Old UCI × 2
Answer: a) Old UCI + (Gap/2)
22. Open-End Class Interval
Q63. In an open-end class interval:
a. Lower limit of first class or upper limit of last class is missing
b. Both limits of all classes are given
c. Class boundaries are not allowed
d. Frequencies are always equal
Answer: a) Lower limit of first class or upper limit of last class is missing
Q64. Example of open-end class interval is:
a. 10–20, 20–30, 30–40
b. Below 10, 10–20, …, Above 40
c. 0–5, 5–10, 10–15
d. 1–3, 4–6, 7–9
Answer: b) Below 10, 10–20, …, Above 40
23. Relative & Percentage Frequency
Q65. Relative frequency of a class interval is calculated as:
a. Class Frequency ÷ Class Interval
b. Class Frequency ÷ Total Frequency
c. Total Frequency ÷ Class Frequency
d. Class Frequency × 100
Answer: b) Class Frequency ÷ Total Frequency
Q66. Percentage frequency =
a. (Class Frequency ÷ Class Interval) × 100
b. (Class Frequency ÷ Total Frequency) × 100
c. (Class Interval ÷ Class Frequency) × 100
d. (Total Frequency ÷ Class Frequency) × 100
Answer: b) (Class Frequency ÷ Total Frequency) × 100
24. Frequency Density
Q67. Frequency density of a class interval =
a. Class Frequency ÷ Class Mark
b. Class Frequency ÷ Width of Class
c. Total Frequency ÷ Class Interval
d. Class Frequency × Class Width
Answer: b) Class Frequency ÷ Width of Class
25. Types of Frequency Distribution
Q68. Discrete frequency distribution deals with:
a. Variables that take continuous values
b. Variables that take distinct values
c. Only qualitative attributes
d. Frequency always in percentages
Answer: b) Variables that take distinct values
Q69. If we classify number of post-graduates in families as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, this data belongs to:
a. Continuous frequency distribution
b. Discrete frequency distribution
c. Open-end class interval
d. Cumulative frequency distribution
Answer: b) Discrete frequency distribution
26. Additional Concepts
Q70. "Statistics is the science of averages" — who gave this definition?
a. Bowley
b. Croxton & Cowden
c. Fisher
d. King
Answer: a) Bowley
Q71. Which one of the following is a discrete variable?
a. Age
b. Height
c. Number of students in a class
d. Weight
Answer: c) Number of students in a class
Q72. A table that shows data according to two attributes is called:
a. Simple Table
b. Manifold Table
c. Two-way Table
d. Frequency Table
Answer: c) Two-way Table
Q73. The sum of frequencies in a frequency distribution is always equal to:
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Total number of observations
d. Standard deviation
Answer: c) Total number of observations
Q74. In a 'less than' cumulative frequency distribution, the last cumulative frequency is equal to:
a. Maximum frequency
b. Median
c. Total number of observations
d. None of these
Answer: c) Total number of observations
Q75. In 'greater than' cumulative frequency curve, the cumulative frequency decreases:
a. From left to right
b. From right to left
c. Remains constant
d. None of these
Answer: a) From left to right
Q76. If total frequency is 100 and class frequency is 25, the relative frequency is:
a. 0.25
b. 0.40
c. 0.75
d. 25
Answer: a) 0.25
Q77. Which cumulative frequency distribution is useful for finding median graphically?
a. More than type
b. Less than type
c. Both a and b
d. None of these
Answer: c) Both a and b
Q78. A frequency polygon can be drawn using:
a. Histogram
b. Ogive
c. Bar chart
d. Pie chart
Answer: a) Histogram
Q79. If class intervals are unequal, which frequency distribution is prepared?
a. Relative frequency distribution
b. Frequency density distribution
c. Normal distribution
d. Cumulative distribution
Answer: b) Frequency density distribution
Q80. Which of the following is a limitation of statistics?
a. Deals only with aggregates
b. Can be misused
c. Does not study qualitative facts directly
d. All of the above
Answer: d) All of the above
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